Lipemia due to chylomicrons or high VLDL (mild effect)Īnorexia (large animals, especially ruminants and foals small animals – rare) Hyperkalemic myopathy, tissue necrosis, hypertonicity (diabetes mellitus), uroperitoneum (foals), hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (transient)Īnuric/oliguric renal failure, chronic kidney disease (horses), uroabdomen, hypoadrenocorticism, hypoaldosteronism
IV fluids or IV line contamination with K + supplementation (rare unless renal disease) Serum K + > plasma K + (release from WBC, platelets) anticoagulant (K + EDTA), hemolysis (horses, camelids, some cattle, some breeds of dogs, pigs), leukocytosis (release from cells with clotting), age (> foals), K administration and intravenous (IV) line contamination Intracellular translocation (muscle injury), decreased intake (anorexia)Įlectrolytes (K +, Cl –), urinalysis, HCT, protein, urea nitrogen, creatinine, osmolality Non-renal: Gastrointestinal (vomiting/diarrhea), cutaneous (equine sweating), third space losses (ruptured or obstructed urinary tract, peritonitis, chylothorax) Renal: Proximal renal tubule dysfunction, hypoadrenocortisim, hypoaldosteronism, osmotic diuresis (diabetes mellitus) Volume overload (hypervolemic hyponatremia with inappropriate ADH release due to perceived volume depletion)Ĭongestive heart failure, hepatic disease, nephrotic syndrome, advanced renal failureįluid losses with dilution (ADH or drinking) ( hypovolemic hyponatremia) Lipemia (chylomicrons, high VLDL), hyperproteinemia, hyperosmolar statesĭiuretic therapy, hypotonic fluid administration Non-renal: Gastrointestinal, cutaneous, third space lossesĮxcess intake: Salt poisoning (with concurrent water deprivation) Renal: Osmotic/chemical diuresis, renal failure
Hypotonic fluid loss and inability to conserve water or drink: Inadequate intake: Water deprivation, primary adipsia/hypodipsia Water loss from blood sample (inadequate capping)Įxcess water loss: Panting, fever, hyperventilation, diabetes insipidus
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